(Return to [[And adds further comment]])
#Can you tell me the length of the land and sea perimeters of the Gaza Strip?
##Certainly. As of my last update in January 2022:
##The Gaza Strip, located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, has a relatively short coastline. Its sea perimeter (or coastline) is approximately 41 kilometers (25 miles) long.
##The land perimeter, which borders Israel to the north and east and Egypt to the south, is longer. The lengths of these borders are:
###'''Northern border (with Israel)''': approximately 11 km (6.8 miles)
###'''Eastern border (with Israel)''': approximately 51 km (31.7 miles)
###'''Southern border (with Egypt)''': approximately 13 km (8.1 miles)
##Therefore, the total land perimeter is roughly 75 kilometers (about 46.6 miles).
##However, it's worth noting that these numbers are approximate and might vary slightly based on the source or any changes in the border delineations. If you need the most up-to-date and precise measurements, you might want to consult official geographic or cartographic sources.
#In the context of Hamas, what meaning would be placed on "member"? I'm trying to understand a press release from Israel's Ministry of Energy.
##Hamas, officially known as the Islamic Resistance Movement, is a Palestinian militant and political organization founded in 1987 during the First Intifada. It has a complex structure with multiple wings, including political, military, social, and others.
##In the context of Hamas, the term "member" can be understood in several ways:
###'''Political Member''': Someone affiliated with the political branch of Hamas. This could include leaders, spokespeople, or those involved in the day-to-day administration in areas under Hamas control, like the Gaza Strip.
###'''Militant Member''': Someone affiliated with the military wing of Hamas, known as the 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades. These members could be involved in planning, executing, or supporting militant operations.
###'''Social and Charitable Member''': Hamas also runs a variety of social and charitable organizations, especially in the Gaza Strip. These provide services such as education, healthcare, and welfare. A member in this context would be someone who works within these institutions.
###'''Supporter or Sympathizer''': This is a more informal categorization and not a "member" in the official sense. There are many who might support the goals or methods of Hamas without being directly involved in its operations.
##When interpreting a press release from Israel's Ministry of Energy (or any other official body), the context in which "member" is used is crucial. If they are discussing someone who posed a security threat, they are likely referring to a militant member. If it's about negotiations or governance, they might be referring to a political member.
##That said, terms like these can sometimes be used broadly or ambiguously in official communications. If you share the specific wording or context of the press release, I can provide a more precise interpretation.
#It could be either militant or political member, from the context. I realize that estimating is not an exact science, but could you provide an order-of-magnitude estimate of the number of people who could be described in each category?
##Estimating the exact number of members in an organization like Hamas, especially distinguishing between political and militant members, can be challenging due to the secretive nature of the group and the fluidity between its different wings. However, I can provide some rough, order-of-magnitude estimates based on available data up to January 2022:
###'''Political Members''': This group includes the leadership, administrative personnel, and others involved in the political and governance aspects of Hamas. The exact number is hard to pin down, but considering that Hamas is the de facto governing authority in the Gaza Strip and needs a significant administrative apparatus, it could be in the thousands.
###'''Militant Members''': As for the 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades (the military wing), estimates have varied over the years. As of the last available data, some estimates suggest that the brigades have tens of thousands of fighters. This doesn't necessarily mean all are active combatants; it includes those in reserve and support roles.
##Additionally, the distinction between a political member and a militant member can sometimes be blurry. Some individuals might serve in administrative or political roles but have a background in militant activities or can be called upon for such activities when needed.
##It's essential to approach these numbers with caution. They are rough estimates, and the actual figures might vary. Moreover, the situation is dynamic, and numbers can change based on recruitment drives, conflicts, and other factors. If you're seeking more recent or detailed numbers, specialized sources like intelligence assessments or research by think tanks focused on the region might provide a clearer picture.
#Similar problems were involved when discussing the IRA and Sinn Fein before the Good Friday agreement.
##Absolutely, there are some parallels between the Hamas situation and the relationship between the IRA (Irish Republican Army) and Sinn Féin in Northern Ireland before the Good Friday Agreement.
###'''Dual Structure''': Both the IRA and Hamas have/had a militant wing and a political wing. For the IRA, Sinn Féin served as the political arm, while for Hamas, the distinction is within the organization itself between its military and political wings.
###'''Blurred Lines''': Just as with Hamas, the lines between the IRA and Sinn Féin were sometimes blurred. While Sinn Féin consistently asserted its independence from the IRA, many believed that there was significant overlap in membership and leadership. Gerry Adams, for instance, the longtime leader of Sinn Féin, was often alleged (though he denied) to have been a key IRA figure.
###'''Peace Process Challenges''': The dual structure of these organizations made peace negotiations complex. In the case of Northern Ireland, the British government initially refused to negotiate with Sinn Féin until the IRA ceased its violent activities. Similarly, Israel has been wary of engaging with Hamas politically because of its militant activities and its stated goal of eliminating the State of Israel.
###'''Ceasefires and Agreements''': Both situations have seen attempts at ceasefires and peace agreements. The Good Friday Agreement (or Belfast Agreement) in 1998 was a significant milestone in Northern Irish history, leading to a considerable reduction in violence and setting the stage for political power-sharing. In contrast, while there have been multiple ceasefire agreements between Israel and Hamas, a comprehensive peace agreement remains elusive.
###'''Public Support''': In both situations, the political wings (Sinn Féin for the IRA and the political branch of Hamas) have garnered significant public support. Sinn Féin's popularity in Northern Ireland has grown considerably post-Good Friday Agreement, and it has become a major political force. Hamas, after winning a majority in the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections, solidified its political role, especially in the Gaza Strip.
##However, while there are parallels, it's crucial to note the differences in the historical, cultural, and geopolitical contexts of the two situations. The conflict in Northern Ireland and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict have distinct histories and dynamics.
#I need a further extremely rough count, again being aware that your total will not be exact. I have an impression that the number of civilian deaths attributable to terrorist attacks in Northern Ireland during the Troubles, and in Israel since the end of the Yom Kippur war of 1973, and in the USA this century, are all between 3000 and 4000. Am I close to your estimate?
##Let's break down your question into its three components and then provide a rough estimate for each:
###Civilian Deaths in Northern Ireland during the Troubles:
####The Troubles, which spanned from the late 1960s to 1998, resulted in the deaths of around 3,500 people. This figure includes civilians, paramilitary members, and security forces. The majority of these deaths were civilians, but the exact number is less than 3,500. So, your range of 3,000 to 4,000 would be a bit high for just civilian deaths in Northern Ireland.
###Civilian Deaths in Israel since the end of the Yom Kippur War (1973):
####From the end of the Yom Kippur War in 1973 to 2022, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has seen various periods of intense violence, including multiple intifadas and wars in Gaza. While precise figures can vary depending on the source, the total number of Israeli civilian deaths due to terrorist attacks, rocket fire, and other forms of violence is in the range of a few thousand. The number is, however, less than the 3,000-4,000 range you've suggested.
###Civilian Deaths in the USA due to Terrorism in the 21st Century:
####The largest terrorist attack on U.S. soil in the 21st century was the September 11 attacks in 2001, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 3,000 people. Other terrorist incidents in the U.S. since then have added to this count, but the total figure for the century remains closest to 3,000, primarily due to the 9/11 attacks.
##In summary:
###The civilian death count in Northern Ireland during the Troubles is slightly less than 3,000.
###The civilian death count in Israel since 1973 is also less than 3,000-4,000, but the exact number depends on the specific incidents considered.
###The civilian death count in the U.S. due to terrorism in the 21st century is around 3,000, predominantly from the 9/11 attacks.
##So, your impression is in the ballpark, but the figures for Northern Ireland and Israel are likely lower than the 3,000-4,000 range, while the U.S. figure is around the lower end of that range due to 9/11.
#Out of interest, did you include the Oklahoma bombing?
##I did not include the Oklahoma City bombing in the estimates I provided because it occurred in the 20th century, specifically in 1995.
##The Oklahoma City bombing resulted in the deaths of 168 people, making it one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in U.S. history up to that point. It was surpassed in scale only by the September 11 attacks in 2001. If you were considering terrorist attacks in the U.S. spanning both the 20th and 21st centuries, the Oklahoma City bombing would indeed be a significant incident to consider. However, since your original question specifically mentioned "this century" (i.e., the 21st century), I excluded events from the 20th century.
#No, I had the date wrong in my recollection - you were quite right to exclude it.
##Understood! Memory can sometimes play tricks on us, especially with events that happened some time ago. If you have any other questions or if there's anything else you'd like to explore, feel free to ask!
#I have another category then. Estimate with the same imprecision the number of racist murders in the Southern States during the 20th century attributable to Klan and racist mob lynchings or similar events.
##The topic of lynchings and racist murders in the Southern U.S. during the 20th century is deeply distressing and somber. It's also essential to approach it with sensitivity and caution, recognizing the limitations of historical records.
##The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and other white supremacist groups, as well as individuals motivated by racial hatred, committed a significant number of lynchings and other acts of racial violence in the 20th century, particularly in the early part of the century.
##According to the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and Tuskegee University records, there were around 3,446 lynchings of Black individuals in the U.S. between 1882 and 1968. Most of these lynchings occurred in the South. While this range starts in the late 19th century, it provides context for the intensity of such violence going into the 20th century. By the mid-20th century, the number of lynchings significantly declined, but other forms of racial violence, intimidation, and murders persisted.
##It's worth noting that:
###Not all lynchings were perpetrated by the KKK. Many were committed by white mobs without formal affiliation to the Klan but were nonetheless fueled by racial prejudice.
###Not all lynchings were recorded. The actual number might be higher due to unreported cases or instances where local authorities did not accurately document the event as a lynching.
###The number doesn't capture other acts of racist violence, like beatings or bombings (like the infamous 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in 1963, which killed four young Black girls).
##Given the available data, a rough estimate for racist murders in the form of lynchings in the Southern States during the 20th century would likely be in the low thousands, predominantly in the first half of the century. This estimate does not account for other forms of racist violence or murders that were not classified as lynchings.
##It's also crucial to note that the impact of these events is not merely numerical. Each act of violence affected families, communities, and shaped the broader social, political, and cultural landscape of the U.S.
#The number of deaths in all four categories is deeply distressing and somber but I appreciate your comment in the context of the South. The figure matches the ballpark for the other three though.
##Indeed, the numbers in all four categories reflect significant tragedies and profound loss. Each of these incidents or series of incidents represents periods or events marked by profound suffering and sorrow, and their impacts are felt deeply by the affected communities, nations, and indeed the world.
##Your observation highlights that, across different contexts and periods, large-scale violence and its resulting pain are unfortunately a recurring theme in human history. Whether driven by political motives, religious extremism, racial prejudice, or other factors, the consequences are often devastatingly similar for the victims and their families.
##Remembering and studying these events is essential, not just to honor the victims but also to learn from our past and strive for a more peaceful and inclusive future.
#Your observations do you credit. Thank you for your assistance.
##Thank you for your kind words. It's essential to approach these topics with sensitivity and respect. If you have any more questions or topics you'd like to explore in the future, don't hesitate to reach out. Take care and be well.

2023-08-29T10:06:14Z

John: /* Part C: What is needed */

=Fundamental political stance=
##Britain has had a range of governments.
###The Labour party, for example, represented the working class, favoured public ownership of the means of production and aimed to squeeze property speculators until their pips squeaked. They were a definitive party of the left - most Labour voters thought Dennis Healey had proposed squeezing the rich, not just speculators, since it was precisely what he proceeded to do. Squeezing groups or classes until their pips squeak is not on our agenda, not least because it always backfires. The first use of the phrase in 1918 was about German reparations, and became the primary cause of World War Two.
###New Labour was formed by the right wing clique of the Labour party taking control and baptizing themselves the reborn "New Labour". Thereafter they competed equally with Conservatives on right-wing turf. They disavowed and disempowered their founding fathers, the Trades Unions; persecuted any of their own members who strayed back across the centrist divide; dragged the UK into a succession of tinsel-painted foreign regime changes which invariably ruined the countries they simplistically claimed to be saving; and finally became ungovernable when an accidental reversion threw up a genuine charismatic Labour party leader in the shape of Jeremy Corbyn. The country no longer has a credible left wing Labour party seeking a mandate to govern.
###The Conservative party has not always been a party of the right, but it's hard to imagine it every regaining the centre ground from its current place in the political spectrum. Since the passing of Disraeli it has been the party of aristocracy, the upper class, old money, new money, entrepreneurs, and diehard international isolationists keen to eliminate inward migration. There was a brief period in the 1970s when the country was run by Labour-Conservative consensus, the parties alternating in government but leaving intact the progress made by their predecessor. That notion died with the advent of Thatcherism and would now appear impossible.
###There was once a centrist party which for the last hundred years systematically shrank to impotent invisibility. The party never survived the divisive natures of Gladstone and Lloyd George. Respect was paid by reasonable people to Jo Grimond, all of which evaporated as the train-wreck of Jeremy Thorpe's political career inexorably played out in the courts and the pages of Private Eye. Since then Liberals have been pawns on the national chessboard, none more so than Nick Clegg who ended up carrying the can for David Cameron's maladministration after their coalition of 2010.
##'''The Common People is not left-wing'''. We have no problem with a few people getting extremely rich from capitalist enterprise. But we will not tolerate anyone at the bottom end of society having too few resources to live the best they can. The quality of life in this country is not defined by the glamour of the wealthy. To quote Nelson Mandela, "A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones”. Everyone should have a sufficiency, on top of which they may choose to earn more. The pervasive existence of present-day wage slavery is abhorrent. People will work at jobs they find satisfy their desires, either to gain skills or to benefit society or to generate wealth. These are not left-wing aspirations, they are central existential planks to any self-respecting nation. These are fundamentals which will inform all of our policies in government.

= Health=
## Addiction
### "This is a neurobiological chronic disease, not a moral failing" - Bridget Galati, Quoted in Nature Outlook 19 December 2022. See also "Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst" by Robert Sapolsky.
### Most criminal conviction is driven by addictive behavior, and most addictive behavior is driven by the stress of poverty, ignorance and mental illness. Building on basic income, we will deploy decriminalization, education and health reform to address addiction as a social ill. The great majority of people brought into the courts are victims of a system which has traditionally preferred blame and retribution to reconstructive mental health therapy. Our policy goals across all departments of state are focused on improving the mental wellness of society.
####"Is it unreasonable to suggest that the enticement into addiction and death would not occur on this massive scale if narcotics were on sale in local newsagents and supermarkets, on similar terms to alcohol and tobacco? Criminalization breeds criminals. There are no drug smugglers or county lines child couriers if there is no illegal drugs trade. Nor are there the quality issues which lead to so many users dying. The biggest possible step forward to reducing crime in this country is to legalize the importation, processing and sale of narcotics. The harm done to organized crime would be immense." - comment in [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tragedy-of-middle-class-drug-mule-16-vsz33bts5 The Times], while several hundred others frothed from the opposite viewpoint. The Times is a haven for ex-UKIP ranters these days.
####This was one of the very few sensible comments there on the same page: "Ian McCauley: This story is heartbreaking. Sadly it is not uncommon. The Times ( See leader Dec 21) and uninformed columnists, like Melanie Phillips, perpetuate the myth that prohibition can prevent tragedies like this. In continuing to advocate prohibition commentators are simply leaving control to criminals. Controlled legislation is, in my view, the only realistic way forward."
####And another, by Peter Reynolds:"Consumers are not responsible for the failure of governments to regulate drugs markets. Our irresponsible government abandons our children and communities to gangsters. In every other market, government steps in to make it safer and reduce harm. Imagine if we had no speed limits, MOT tests or Highway Code, where would the blame lie for road accidents? Both Conservative and Labour politicians have blood on their hands over the insane policy of prohibition which causes far more harm than it prevents."
####Ian McCauley is relevant on the Guardian too: "For advice on prison policy, Liz Truss could do worse than read Ken Clarke’s political memoir. In A Kind of Blue, Mr Clarke asserts that prison is a “wholly unsuitable place” for “waifs and strays whose problems were mainly caused by personal inadequacy, drug addiction or mental health issues”. Mr Clarke goes on to say that prisons “are now full of such people deprived of proper attention for their drug and alcohol problem”. Many addicts are sent to prison for offences connected to their addictions, after short sentences they are often released to return to a homeless existence having received no targeted attention for these addictions. Prison staff are clearly under intolerable pressure. The growing problems of drug and alcohol abuse, mental-health issues and homelessness should surely be worthy of a more coherent approach from the Ministry of Justice."
####And again: Ian McCauley, Reading: "Linda Smith and Roger Pepworth (Letters, 4 February) are absolutely correct in linking the tragic deaths of so many homeless people to austerity. The national debate on this issue has been further constrained by political expediency and a blinkered approach to the evidence provided by good practice in this area. Congratulations to Andy Burnham for his initiative and imagination in his approach to homelessness (Off the streets: How Manchester bucked trend on homeless figures, 1 February). / Just over a year ago you published my letter (11 December 2017) congratulating you on an article about Portugal’s approach to substance abuse and addiction. I referred to a young man who had been let down by an incoherent approach to his multiple addiction problems, mental health issues and homelessness. In particular I highlighted the inappropriate and inhumane response of the justice system to the minor offences connected with his addictions. I felt then that he was in mortal danger. He died a week ago. / He had enormous potential. He was much loved but also very ill. Although there were a number of professional individuals helping him, their efforts have been undermined by political cowardice and what Mr Pepworth calls the “wreckage” of the austerity programme. The prison sentences my friend served were inappropriate and futile. I applaud the Guardian for casting light on the scandal my friend’s death represents."

= Food Security=
==Part A: Underlying principle: can we feed everyone?==
#Climate change suggests farming is not going to continue faultlessly in the UK during the current lifetime. It certainly won't across the remainder of the globe.
#Food reserves are never going to extend to even a year. One major growing season failure will make the UK dependent on imports.
#Imports are themselves equally uncertain, for the same reason.
#Hence farming is an inadequate source of food as the century proceeds. We need to have an alternative fully scaled up and tested before it becomes (literally) vital.

==Part B: Underlying principle: Ethics==
#To get a sense of what the existence of Homo Sapiens has done to the ecosystem so far,
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Life on Earth
|-
! What !! Mass
|-
| Biomass || 540 GigaTonnes
|-
| Plants || 80%
|-
| Bacteria || 13%
|-
| Animals || 0.47%
|-
| Mammals || 0.03%
|-
| Domestic || 62% of mammals worldwide
|-
| Human || 34% of mammals worldwide
|-
| Wild || 4% of mammals worldwide
|}
==Part C: What is needed==
#The development and mass production of nutritional food based on a factory-sourced algae monoculture and reconstituted into appealing preformed meals at a significantly lower retail price than is presently available.
#The reversion of non-urban centres to areas suited to wildlife.
#Just take a look at the table in Part B for a moment. That worldwide figure 4% of all mammal mass being wild mammals. If you go back 50,000 years the figure is easy to estimate - there were no domesticated mammals, and the biomass of humans was perhaps 1% of that of all other mammals. In 50,000 years the worldwide biomass of wild mammals has dropped from 99% to 4% of all mammals, and people are still arguing that the space allocated for wildlife today is adequate? That we're not living through an ongoing anthropogenic global species extinction event? The Common People makes a manifesto commitment to rapidly halt the slide, reverse the trend, and to redesignate the majority of land in this country to sustain wildlife mass and species preservation. It is a vital obligation for this generation to accept. As a future ambition it is unachievable, it has to be done now with urgency alongside our reversal of greenhouse emissions.
==Part D: "Algae: A Sustainable Protein Source for the Future?"==
#As global populations rise and climate change stresses traditional agriculture, innovative new food sources are needed to sustainably meet nutritional demands. One promising solution gaining attention is scaled-up algae farming. Algae may provide an efficient, climate-resilient way to produce complete protein without many of the ethical and ecological drawbacks of mainstream meat production.
#Algae are simple, fast-growing aquatic organisms like kelp, spirulina and chlorella that can be cultivated in dedicated facilities. Under controlled conditions optimized for rapid reproduction, algae can generate massive amounts of edible biomass while requiring few resources. Their high protein content gives them potential to supplement or replace conventional protein sources.
#Various startup companies are now exploring algae food products, citing benefits like:
##High yields: Algae generates over 150 tons of protein per hectare annually - 10-100 times greater productivity than soy, corn or other crops in terms of biomass per land area.
##Low land use: Compact vertical algae bioreactors minimize physical footprint compared to sprawling livestock or agriculture facilities with similar protein output.
##Climate resilience: Algae production takes place indoors year-round unaffected by weather, unlike traditional farming's vulnerability to droughts/storms.
##Water efficiency: Many algae strains thrive in non-potable water and recycle nutrients, utilizing far less water than irrigated crops or pastured livestock.
##Sustainability: Algae utilizes waste CO2, needs few chemical inputs with proper management, and converts sunlight/LED light into biomass with exceptional efficiency.
#These advantages suggest algae systems could produce protein with a much lower resource and environmental impact than standard practices. Their high yields offer hope of sustainably feeding rising populations without expanding agricultural lands.
#Challenges remain around customer acceptance, taste, and affordability. Unprocessed algae has a strong flavor and odor most find unpalatable. But techniques like cooking, fermenting, or processing algae into powders, oils and isolates can make it more appetizing and suitable for foods like pastas, burgers, shakes and snacks. Strategic marketing will also be key to consumer education and familiarizing Western palates with algae.
#Affordability issues similarly should improve with economies of scale and technological refinement. Currently algae foods are expensive niche products, but costs are projected to fall as the young industry matures. Governments incentives could assist algae in reaching cost parity during a transition period, after which high-volume automation and optimized processes may make algae price-competitive with meat.
#If these hurdles of taste and price can be overcome, algae farming offers hope for a resilient, ethical protein system. But any large-scale food production still warrants caution and oversight to avoid unintended consequences. Considerations of sustainability, worker welfare, and community impact will be ongoing.
#“We don’t expect public acceptance overnight,” said Algaennovation CEO Pierre Lu. “But the protein efficiency and environmental benefits of responsible algae production are too promising not to pursue. With innovation and transparency, we can develop this into an essential part of tomorrow’s food ecosystem.”
#Indeed, algae is not a silver bullet solution, but rather one piece of a complex food sustainability puzzle. Integrating algae protein in balance with plant foods, animal products from humane farms, lab-grown meats, and moderated consumption will be key. Our warming climate with increasingly unstable crop yields may well accelerate the need for alternatives like algae.
#Done responsibly, scaled algae farming could be part of an ethical transition to feeding more people with less resource burden. But its success will rest on accessibility, affordability, and ultimately, flavor. The path forward will require input from consumers, regulators, and industry collaborating to integrate algae in a thoughtful, sustainable way.

= Defence=
= Basic Income=
##There was a time when industry needed the average worker but those times have long gone. Profit making in the manufacturing industries is largely independent of the workforce. What the manufacturing and service industries profit from is consumers.
##People with no job are ineffective consumers unless an alternative source of income is open to them. Means-tested benefit can provide that source of income but leaves the recipient in a poverty trap where earning brings in only a pittance more than the benefit did. For annual earned incomes today between zero and several thousand pounds, the recipient rides a roller coaster of losing or gaining mere pence in the pound while losing more and more hours that were otherwise valuable.
##The revised tax system laid out in our manifesto does away with this injustice. Means testing is abolished, every citizen has a basic income and the choice to either enjoy devoting time to one’s own pursuits, or to earning more money.
##A progressive system of personal taxation might contrast the highest band of income after tax to a multiple of the lowest. The higher that multiple is, the less society is found to cohere. People will work for earned income when it improves their lifestyle and the work itself provides fulfillment by contributing to society’s needs. See: [https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=Ten+reasons+to+support+Basic+Income&as_sitesearch=www.theguardian.com The Guardian - Ten reasons to support Basic Income]
= Crime=
##Civil unrest and insurrection
### As has been the case in this country for centuries, the civil authority may demand lawful support whenever needed from the armed forces and treat those units as additional police resources.
### The police will be disarmed. There will be no helmet-clad shield wall, no cudgeling of protesters from horseback, no more politicized brutality and no more killing from ambush with effective impunity from prosecution. If the police want an armed response they must request it from a different, publicly accountable, body.
### It will be a criminal offence for any police officer to be on duty without a switched-on sealed and archived bodycam and sound recorder accessible by court order, or for any such record to be destroyed. Every taser unholstering will result in suspension from duty of all the officers present pending an immediate independent review of the circumstances, with disciplinary powers.
##Criminal Intelligence
##Sentencing
# Commonwealth
# Education
# Administrative Affairs
# Transport
##rewrite - As a strategic choice to unclog traffic and make for safe biking, private motor vehicles will be banned from all areas designated “city”. Central funding of free urban public transport will take their place.
## Cities conveniently already have boundaries. Towns and rural areas are not, by comparison, clogged.
## Bus provision will increase rapidly and dramatically, suitable provision will exist for disabled travel, a lot of new taxi jobs will spring into existence and food deliveries will expand. Taxis and food vans are more efficient and better driven than private cars.
= Housing=
= Suffrage=
= Migration=
##An underlying aspect of our position is that refugees have chosen to try to improve their circumstance by migrating. For some it is a matter of life or death, for others it is a matter of escaping destitution. We question why anyone in this country would deny them the outcome they seek.
##We would challenge the rote assertion that their successful migration would result in a net diminution of resources to those who already have citizenship or right of residence here. Clearly it would be the case for some but not on balance. On balance there is a net benefit to the UK from inward migration, both cultural and financial.
##Even were there not, we contend that the benefit of entry to the refugee is far greater than any diminution of resources to existing citizens. Contrary argument is tantamount to cries of "I'm king of the castle". On what basis do current citizens of the country have greater rights to possession than refugees seeking admission? A more pressing right might suggest that those in possession have already had a lifetime's benefit from their good fortune and perhaps someone else might be due a share. Possession by birthright is not a sustainable moral claim.
=Foreign Policy=
==Israel==
''Now was it that both found, the meek and lofty'' 
''Did both find, helpers to their heart's desire,'' 
''And stuff at hand, plastic as they could wish''<ref>Wordsworth, William, "The French Revolution as It Appeared to Enthusiasts at Its Commencement", Poems Volume II (1815), Poetry Foundation, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45518/the-french-revolution-as-it-appeared-to-enthusiasts-at-its-commencement
</ref>

##[[A preliminary conversation with ChatGPT4 relating to Israel]] gives a starting-point to this area of Foreign Policy

=References=

<references />